Farm Diversification with Recreational Fisheries: UK Farms

As UK farms continue to explore innovative ways to diversify and future-proof their businesses, recreational fisheries are emerging as a compelling option – particularly for farms with suitable topography and water resources.  

Why Fishing?

Angling is one of the UK’s most popular outdoor activities, with over 2 million regular participants. As interest continues to grow – supported by initiatives like National Fishing Month that promote inclusive access – now is an ideal time to explore how fishing could fit into your farm’s diversification strategy. It offers a valuable opportunity to tap into a thriving leisure market while making productive use of underutilised land and water resources. 

Fishing also complements other diversification strategies such as glamping, farm shops, and cafés. A well-managed fishery can become a destination in its own right, attracting visitors who may also spend money on other farm-based experiences. 

 What Makes Recreational Fishing Viable?

The success of a farm-based fishery depends on several key factors:

• Water availability: A reliable, clean water source is essential – especially for game fish, which require high oxygen levels.
• Topography: Natural dips and clay-based soils are ideal for pond creation.
• Location: Proximity to population centres increases accessibility and footfall.
• Passion and knowledge: Many successful fisheries began as personal hobbies, with farmers gradually scaling up their operations.

While fisheries may require significant upfront investment and offer a longer-term ROI compared to glamping or retail ventures, they provide a unique selling point and can be integrated into broader tourism and leisure strategies. 

Understanding the Market: Coarse vs. Game Fishing  

UK farms typically work with inland fisheries, which fall into two main categories: coarse and game fishing.

• Coarse Fishing: Involves species like carp, roach, and bream. These fish are more tolerant of lower oxygen levels and are often stocked as diploid. Coarse fishing tends to attract regular club members and competitive anglers. 
• Fly Fishing (Game): Focuses on species like trout and salmon, which require running water (such as a stream or spring that doesn’t dry out in summer) and higher oxygen levels. CFAS regulations may require stocking triploid fish to prevent crossbreeding in the event of accidental release into river systems. Fly fishing often appeals to day-ticket anglers and club members seeking a more solitary, skill-based experience. 

The equipment required for coarse and fly fishing differs significantly, which is another important consideration when tailoring your offering. 

 Regulations and Funding Opportunities 

Setting up a fishery involves several regulatory steps and potential funding options:

• Planning permission is required for pond creation, as it alters the landscape. 
• CFAS registration is mandatory before releasing any fish. 
• Environment Agency approval is needed for water abstraction exceeding the exemption of 20m³ per day (averaged over 365 days). 
• Funding support may be available from the Environment Agency if the fishery aligns with public benefit goals. 

Business Models: Leasing vs. Operating 

Farms can choose between different business models depending on their goals and resources:

• Leasing water to fishing clubs: This reduces risk and provides a steady income with minimal management. 
• Operating the fishery directly: This requires more capital and hands-on involvement but offers greater control and potential returns. 

Many farmers run small fisheries as a personal hobby, making profitability less of a priority. In larger enterprises, individual pools are sometimes repurposed as rearing ponds for wholesale to other fisheries. 

Skills and Staffing Requirements 

Running a successful fishery requires a diverse skillset and operational knowledge:

• Fish husbandry and disease management
• Vermin control and water quality monitoring
• Customer service and ticketing
• Security measures to prevent theft

While hiring a fishery manager is an option, having a working knowledge of the business is highly beneficial before scaling up. 

Managing Risks and Insurance 

Key risks to consider include:

• Disease outbreaks, often linked to stocking density and water quality
• Theft, which is increasingly common
• Environmental challenges, such as drought or pollution
• Seasonal risks, such as winter-related infrastructure damage or summer heatwaves affecting water quality and fish health

Seasonal changes such as heavy rainfall in winter or droughts in summer can significantly impact water levels, requiring proactive infrastructure and abstraction management to maintain fish health and compliance. 

Insurance can be arranged through organisations like the Angling Trust or NFU, covering public liability, stock loss, and infrastructure. 

Sustainability, Biodiversity, and Community Impact 

Recreational fisheries can deliver wide-ranging benefits to both the environment and local communities:

• Support biodiversity by creating habitats for amphibians, birds, aquatic plants and invertebrates
• Enhance ecosystems with features like marginal planting, deadwood piles, and nesting boxes
• Boost local tourism, with anglers spending at nearby pubs, tackle shops, and B&Bs
• Encourage community engagement through inclusive outdoor activities and school visits

How Ceres Rural Can Help 

 Whether you’re exploring the feasibility of a fishery or navigating planning and environmental consents, Ceres Rural consultants are here to support you. We offer tailored advice to help you assess viability, manage risk, and build a sustainable business model.  Get in touch today.